Engels

KEY Study Questions Phonetics Year 1

Chapter 16

1. / l / lateral approximant
2. / l / (voiced) alveolar lateral approximant
3. clear / l /: only the tip of the tongue lightly touches the alveolar ridge.
   dark / l /: the tip of the tongue lightly touches the alveolar ridge AND the back of the tongue is raised towards the velum (this is called secondary articulation).
4. [ 5 ]
5. Lateral release of / t, d /: happens when / t / or / d / is followed by / l /. There is not a complete release of the alveolar contact: the sides of the tongue are released but the tip of the tongue retains the alveolar contact, so that the air can escape around the sides of the tongue. This is called lateral release of the plosives / t, d /.
6. little / lItl /
   metal / metl /
   padlock / ‘p{dlQk /
7. When / l / followes a fortis plosive / p , t , k / (as in 'Hitler'), the lateral release of the plosive results in devoicing of the generally voiced lateral approximant / l /. The devoiced / l / is now pronounced with some friction and is, therefore, in this position called a lateral fricative.
   Allophonic transcription:
8. little / lItl /
   legal / li:gl /
   funnel / fVnl /
   beautiful / ‘bju:tifl /
9. Dutch speakers of RP need to be careful not to pronounce milk / mIlk / as
    */ ‘mIl@k /. In standard Dutch it is very common to insert a vocal glide (an unaccented vowel) between the lateral / l / and a following non-alveolar consonant. Do not do this in RP!!
10. When there is an 'r' in the spelling of an English word, we pronounce it only when this 'r' is followed by a vowel, either in the same word (e.g. rain) or at word boundaries (e.g. far away). Consequently, the 'r' is NOT pronounced when followed by a consonant (e.g. stardust) or by silence (e.g. paper). Note: always the consider the entire context!
11. RP / r /: post-alveolar approximant
12. far ~ away my car ~ is red care ~of ...
13. To make pronunciation smoother (=linking words together smoothly) an intrusive linking / r / is inserted between two words when the first word ends in one of the vowels
    / @ , I@ , A: , O: /, and the second words begins with a vowel (any vowel).
14. The allophone (= the fricative / r /) occurs when the / r / follows 
    / d, t, p, k /.
    The situation is comparable to that of the lateral fricative.
15. None of the Dutch versions of the / r / are suitable for RP, because the Dutch versions have the wrong manners and places of articulation.
16. / j /: voiced, palatal, approximant
17. / w / is a labio-velar sound because it has two places of articulation (again: secondary articulation like with the dark / l /):
    -/ w / is bilabial: pronounced with rounded lips
    -/ w / is also velar: the back of the tongue is raised towards the velum